Human civilization by which I mean all those respects in which human life has raised itself above its animal status and differs from the life of beasts - and I scorn to distinguish between culture and civilization - presents as we know two aspects to the observer. It includes on the one hand all the knowledge and capacity that men have acquired in order to control the forces of nature and extract its wealth for the satisfaction of human needs and on the other hand all the regulations necessary in order to adjust the relations of men to one another and especially the distribution of the available wealth.
The two trends of civilization are not independent of each other: firstly because the mutual relations of men are profoundly influenced by the amount of instinctual satisfaction which the existing wealth makes possible; secondly because an individual man can himself come to function as wealth in relation to another one in so far as the other person makes use of his capacity for work or chooses him as a sexual object; and thirdly moreover because every individual is virtually an enemy of civilization though civilization is supposed to be an object of universal human interest. It is remarkable that little as men are able to exist in isolation they should nevertheless feel as a heavy burden the sacrifices which civilization expects of them in order to make a communal life possible.